Clustering and 5G-enabled smart cities: a survey of clustering schemes in VANETs

This chapter highlights the importance of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) in the context of the 5Genabled smarter cities and roads, a topic that attracts significant interest. In order for VANETs and its associated applications to become a reality, a very promising avenue is to bring together multiple wireless technologies in the architectural design. 5G is envisioned to have a heterogeneous network architecture. Clustering is employed in designing optimal VANET architectures that successfully use different technologies, therefore clustering has the potential to play an important role in the 5G-VANET enabled solutions. This chapter presents a survey of clustering approaches in the VANET research area. The survey provides a general classification of the clustering algorithms, presents some of the most advanced and latest algorithms in VANETs, and it is among the fewest works in the literature that reviews the performance assessment of clustering algorithms

Very-large-scale integration design of a low-power and cost-effective context-based adaptive variable length coding decoder for H.264/AVC portable applications

Context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) is a new and efficient entropy coding tool in H.264/AVC (advanced video coding). This study proposes a low-power and cost-effective CAVLC decoding architecture for the H.264/ AVC baseline profile. Specifically, this study proposes an optimum two-layer power model for the variable length look-up table (VLUT) in the CAVLC decoder, and divides the decoding phase of the LUT into two-layer decoding to reduce power consumption. To achieve a cost-effective design, the proposed design merges common codewords to reduce the hardware cost among different LUTs in the second layer decoding. The proposed decoder is based on Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18 mm CMOS technology, and was completely verified on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) emulation platform. The proposed design meets the demands of the real-time CAVLC decoding and reduces power consumption by 44–48% more than previous low-power CAVLD schemes. Finally, the proposed low-power and costeffective CAVLD design is suitable for H.264/AVC portable applications

Towards Smarter Cities and Roads

This chapter highlights the importance of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) in the context of smarter cities and roads, a topic that currently attracts significant academic, industrial, and governmental planning, research, and development efforts. In order for VANETs to become reality, a very promising avenue is to bring together multiple wireless technologies in the architectural design. Clustering can be employed in designing such a VANET architecture that successfully uses different technologies. Moreover, as clustering addresses some of VANETs' major challenges, such as scalability and stability, it seems clustering will have an important role in the desired vehicular connectivity in the cities and roads of the future. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey of clustering schemes in the VANET research area, covering aspects that have never been addressed before in a structured manner. The survey presented in this chapter provides a general classification of the clustering algorithms, presents some of the most advanced and latest algorithms in VANETs, and in addition, constitutes the only work in the literature to the best of authors' knowledge that also reviews the performance assessment of clustering algorithms